L. Ron Hubbard - woyambitsa Scientology
Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (L. Ron Hubbard) adabadwa pa Marichi 13, 1911 ku Tilden, Nebraska. M'zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi 1940 adadzakhala wolemba nkhani zopeka za sayansi. Adalengeza pamsonkhano wopeka wasayansi… 'ngati munthu angafunedi ndalama miliyoni, njira yabwino ingakhale kuyambitsa chipembedzo chake. Pambuyo pake, adzakhala woyambitsa chipembedzo cha Scientology. Mu 1950, adatulutsa bukuli Dianetics: Sayansi Yamakono ya Zaumoyo. Adaphatikizira Church of Scientology of California mu 1954.
Hubbard anali wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha kukokomeza kwake komanso mabodza ake. Adauza anthu kuti ali ku Asia, pomwe amapita ku sekondale ku America. Amadzinenera kuti anavulazidwa, anali wolumala, anachititsa khungu ndipo anadziwika kuti anafa kawiri pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Palibe chilichonse cha izi. Adatinso adalandira maphunziro apamwamba omwe sanalandire. Adadzitcha kuti waukadaulo wa nyukiliya, koma adalephera gulu lake limodzi lokhalo mu sayansi ya sayansi. Adafunsa digiri kuchokera ku Columbian College, koma digiri iyi siyinatsimikizidwe.
Hubbard anali mayi wamkulu, kukwatira mkazi wake wachiwiri akadakwatirana ndi mkazi wake woyamba. Anamuimbira mlandu mkazi wake wachiwiri pomumenya komanso kumenya. Adabera mwana wawo ndipo adathawira ku Cuba, ndipo adalangiza mkazi wake kuti adziphe. Adakumana naye pomwe onse awiri amachita nawo zamatsenga a Pasadena lotsogozedwa ndi Jack Parsons. Jack Parsons anali wotsatira wa Alister Crowley, yemwe anali wolamulira wa satana, wamatsenga komanso wamatsenga wakuda.
Polemba buku lake Dianetics, Hubbard adati adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsatirazi: mankhwala a Goldi anthu aku Manchuria, ma shamans aku North Borneo, abambo a ku Sioux, zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zaku Los Angeles, ndi psychology yamakono. (Martin 352-355) Hubbard adati anali ndi mngelo wokongola womusamalira wokhala ndi tsitsi lofiira ndi mapiko omwe adamutcha 'Empress.' Anatinso kuti amamuwongolera pamoyo wake ndikumupulumutsa kangapo (Miller 153).
Hubbard adauza anthu kuti alandila mendulo makumi awiri ndi imodzi kuchokera nthawi yake mfuti; Komabe, adalandira mendulo zinayi zokha (Miller 144). Amadziwika kuti ali ndi udindo, komanso wokayikira aliyense womuzungulira. Adachita mantha komanso akuganiza kuti CIA imamutsata (Miller 216). Mu 1951, New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners idayamba zomwe zidamutsutsa pomuphunzitsa mankhwala popanda layisensi (Miller 226).
Hubbard adapanga cosmology yomwe imati munthu weniweni anali wosafa, wodziwa zonse, komanso wamphamvuyonse wotchedwa 'thetan,' yemwe adalipo kale nthawi isanayambike, ndipo adatola ndikutaya mamiliyoni a matupi kupitilira mamilioni zaka (Miller 214). Zofanana ndi zipembedzo zina kapena zipembedzo zina; Sayansi imapereka chipulumutso kudzera mu zamatsenga kapena chinsinsi. Hubbard mwiniwake adawongolera Scientology, ndipo adadzinenera kuti ali ndi iye yekhayo pagwero lachidziwitso chachinsinsi (Miller 269). Kwa Scientologists, Hubbard ndiye 'wolemba, mphunzitsi, wofufuza, wofufuza, wothandiza, komanso wafilosofi. Komabe, anthu ambiri amamvetsetsa kuti anali munthu wachinyengo yemwe ananamizira komanso kupezerera anthu ambiri (Rhode 154).
ZOLINGA:
Martin, Walter. Ufumu wa Zipembedzo. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 2003.
Miller, a Russell. Mesiya Woyang'ana Kumaso. London: Sphere Books Limited, 1987
Rhode, Ron. Zovuta za Zipembedzo ndi Zipembedzo Zatsopano. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.