Joseph Smith Jr. - woyambitsa Mormonism
Joseph Smith Jr. adabadwa pa Disembala 23, 1805 ku Sharon, Vermont. Pambuyo pake banja la a Smith adasamukira kudera la Manchester, New York. Monga momwe mbiri yakale imalembera, adaleredwa mosazindikira, umphawi, komanso zamatsenga. Mbiri yake inali yaulesi. Anthu makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi mwa oyandikana ndi a Smith ku New York adapereka umboni m'mapepala ofotokozera zamakhalidwe abanja la a Smith. Pogwirizana, oyandikana nawowa adatsimikiza kuti mawonekedwe a Smith komanso mawonekedwe a anzawo siabwino. Joseph Smith amadziwika kuti anali woyipitsitsa kuposa onse. Kuchokera paumboniwu, omwe amamudziwa a Joseph Smith adati iye kapena abwenzi ake akhoza kukhulupiriridwa pansi pa lumbiro, komanso kuti panali nkhani zambiri zotsutsana zomwe zidanenedwa za "Golden Bible" yake. Zinalembedwa za Joseph Smith kuti anali ndi luso lotha kukhala moyo wosagwira ntchito, ndikuti adadandaula za dzikolo ngati "wamatsenga wamadzi," akunena kuti analoza komwe kuli mitsempha yabwino yamadzi potulutsa ndodo ya hazel m'dzanja lake. Ankachitanso ngati atapeza chuma chobisika ndikusochera ng'ombe. Poyambirira kwa 1820, adalengeza poyera kuti anali ndi masomphenya ndi mavumbulutso aumulungu. Anati mngelo wotchedwa Moroni adamuwululira komwe zidutswa zagolide zinali zobisika. Atapeza mbale izi, adagwiritsa ntchito mwala woponyera pachipewa chake kuti "awamasulire". Kuchokera pakutanthauzirali kunachokera Bukhu la Mormon, zolemba zazikulu za Mormonism. Ili ndi ziganizo ndi malingaliro amakono omwe sakanadziwika kwa wolemba wake mu 420 AD Ili ndi mawu ambiri ochokera ku King James mtundu wa Baibulo, womwe udasindikizidwa mzaka za m'ma 1600. Smith anali ndi amuna atatu akuchitira umboni polemba kuti adawona mbale zake zagolide. M'modzi mwa amunawa adalangizidwa ku Kirtland chifukwa chokhala pachigololo ndi mtsikana wantchito; Anathamangitsidwa m'tchalitchi cha Missouri chifukwa chonama, kuchita zachinyengo, ndi chiwerewere; ndipo pamapeto pake adamwalira ku Missouri ngati chidakhwa. Umboni wina adathamangitsidwa mu tchalitchicho atakana kutsatira "vumbulutso lakukwati lakumwamba" la Joseph Smith lomwe lidapangitsa kukhala ndi mitala kofunikira. Iye sanagwirizane ndi momwe Smith anagwiritsira ntchito a Dani, gulu la achifwamba achiwawa, otchedwanso "angelo obwezera." Lero zikukhulupiliridwa kuti chiyambi chenicheni cha Bukhu la Mormon ndi zolembedwa pamanja zolembedwa ndi Solomon Spaulding; chomwe chinali chikondi chopeka cha mbiriyakale. Smith ndi Oliver Cowdery adawonjezeranso pamanja zolemba za Spaulding zonena za chilengedwe, anti-masonry, ndi ubatizo.
Pearl of Great Price, malembo ena achi Mormon, adavala matupi a Smith atagula mitembo ndi mipukutu yamaliro kuchokera kwa wogulitsa yemwe adadutsa ku Kirtland, Ohio mu 1835. Mosazindikira, Smith adati papyrus yamaliro idalembedwa zolembedwa za Abraham ndi Joseph wa Chipangano Chakale. waku Egypt. Komabe, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, akatswiri a ku Egypt adatsimikizira kuti gumbwa lomwe Smith adati adalemba kuti ngale ya Great Price lidalidi mpukutu wamaliro wachikunja; gawo la Bukhu la ku Egypt la Breathings. Bukhu la Breathings linali bokosi lamabokosi lodzaza ndi njira zamatsenga zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti munthu wakufa amapita kumoyo wamtsogolo. Ngale ya mtengo wapatali ilibe chochita ndi Abraham kapena Joseph waku Egypt. "Mfundo Zoyamba za Uthenga Wabwino" zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa Alexander Campbell, yemwe adayambitsa chipembedzo cha Church of Christ. Ambiri a Mormon oyambirira adabwera ngati ampatuko ochokera m'matchalitchi ena achikristu.
Joseph Smith adakhazikitsa Tchalitchi cha Mormon mu 1830. Kachisi woyamba wa Mormon adamalizidwa ku Kirtland, Ohio mu 1836. Smith adakonzanso "quorum ya atumwi khumi ndi awiri." Smith akakhala wolemera kwambiri, adakulanso mwankhanza. Amadziwika kuti amakhala moyo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe Oyera mtima ake adakhalira. Smith amadziwika kuti ndi wachigololo. Mu 1831, adalandira "vumbulutso" lolamula Oyera mtima kuti azikhala ku Missouri (dziko la "Ziyoni"). A Mormon adadzudzula Akunja (omwe samakhulupirira Mormonism) ngati "adani a Ambuye." Smith ndi Sidney Rigdon adathawira ku Missouri mu 1838 kuti apewe kumangidwa pambuyo poti banki ya Mormon yomwe a Smith adachita italephera ku Kirtland, Ohio. Smith ndi Rigdon anali "phula ndi nthenga" chifukwa chobera anthu ndalama zawo. Ku Far West, Missouri Smith ndi Rigdon adalengeza "ufulu wawo" kuchokera ku boma la United States. Rigdon adapereka "ulaliki wake wamchere," wochenjeza kuti padzakhala nkhondo yowononga pakati pa Oyera Mtima ndi boma la Amitundu, komwe a Mormon amatsatira anthu aliwonse omwe adzawatsutse mpaka magazi awo atatsanulidwa. Smith adalandira vumbulutso lina ku Independence, Missouri mu 1831 lomwe lidalola mamembala amatchalitchi kukhala "nthumwi za ntchito ya Ambuye" kutenga malo nthawi iliyonse akafuna kuchokera kwa Amitundu, ndikulipira malowo pokhapokha akafuna. Mbiri imalemba kuti a Mormon adatsata vumbulutso ili ndipo nthawi zambiri amatenga malo kuchokera kwa Akunja osakhulupirira. A Mormon ankanena kuti Mulungu ndi amene anawapatsa dziko lonselo. Iwo adanena kuti nkhondo zakupha zidzachitika zomwe zingachotse zipembedzo zina zonse m'derali, ndikuti omwe adzapulumuke nkhondo adzakhala "antchito" a Oyera Mtima. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni idabuka pakati pa Oyera Mtima ndi Amitundu aku Missouri. Missouri Justice of the Peace Adam Black adatsimikiza kudzera paumboni kuti ma Mormon okhala ndi zida 154 anazungulira nyumba yake ndikumuwopseza kuti amupha ngati atasaina chikalata chovomereza kuti asapereke chilolezo chotsutsa Oyera Mtima. Chifukwa cha chipwirikiti ndi chipanduko chomwe a Mormon adabweretsa, Kazembe Boggs waku Missouri adayitanitsa magulu ankhondo okwera 400 kuti asunge bata. A Mormon anali ndi mbiri yodzikuza komanso kunyada mwauzimu, nadzinenera kuti anali "Mafumu ndi Ansembe" a Mulungu. Khalidwe lawo losayeruzika lidawapangitsa kuti achotsedwe ku Missouri mu 1839 ndi lamulo lochokera kwa kazembe wa Missouri.
A Joseph Smith anali ofunitsitsa kukhala ndi boma lotsogozedwa ndi ansembe, kapena mwanjira ina, teokalase. Anthu adaphedwa mbali zonse ziwiri zotsutsana pakati pa a Mormons ndi Missouri Akunja. Pambuyo pake, a Joseph ndi mchimwene wake Hyrum Smith limodzi ndi a Mormon ena 1838 adamangidwa ndikuyimbidwa mlandu wofuna kupha anthu, kupha, kuba, kupha anthu, kuwononga, kuphwanya mtendere. Pakutha kwa XNUMX, Mormon zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri adayamba ulendo wawo wopita ku Illinois. Smith ndi enawo adathawa mndende kumapeto kwa chilimwe, napita ku Quincy, Illinois.
Pofika chaka cha 1840, Smith anali mtsogoleri wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a Mormon omwe adakhazikitsa tawuni kapena tawuni yotchedwa Nauvoo, Illinois. Mbiri ya mzinda wa Nauvoo yopangidwa ndi Smith idakhazikitsa boma mkati mwa boma. Idakhazikitsa nyumba yamalamulo yomwe idapatsidwa mwayi wopereka zigamulo zomwe zimasemphana ndi malamulo aboma, komanso gulu lankhondo lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi malamulo ndi zigamulo zake. Mu 1841 a Joseph Smith anasankhidwa kukhala meya ku Nauvoo. Smith sanali meya yekha, koma Lieutenant-General wa gulu lankhondo, ndi Woweruza wakale. Pa Januware 19th wa 1841, Smith adalandira vumbulutso lalitali lomwe lidakonzanso mpingo wonse, ndikupatula ndalama za mamembala olemera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Panthawiyi zinali zofala kuti achifwamba komanso opha anzawo amapita ku Mormonism ngati chobisalira milandu yawo. Ma Mormon masauzande anasonkhana mwachangu mumzinda wa Nauvoo. Umphawi pakati pa Oyera mtima unali wofala. Chikondi chaulere chimadziwika kuti chinali chofala pakati pa a Mormon. Smith adakhala Mason ku Nauvoo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti apange mwambo wakachisi wachinsinsi wa masonic. Ng'ombe za amitundu zomwe zinasokera kulowera ku Nauvoo zimadziwika kuti sizidzabwerera. Amitundu omwe adazenga milandu m'makhothi a Nauvoo adalipidwa ndi ndalama zokha komanso kunyoza. "Madikoni oyera" (magulu a anyamata achichepere okhala ndi mipeni) amadziwika ku Nauvoo chifukwa choopseza komanso kuzunza aliyense amene amalankhula motsutsana ndi a Joseph Smith. A Danite a Smith, kapena "angelo obwezera" amawopseza ndikunyoza Amitundu ndi malumbiro achilendo komanso mwano, komanso kuwaopseza kuti adzawapha. Mu Meyi wa 1842, Bwanamkubwa Boggs waku Missouri adathamangitsidwa ndikuvulazidwa pamutu. A Mormon, Orrin Porter Rockwell adatsutsidwa pamlanduwu, komanso a Joseph Smith ngati othandizira.
Mu 1844 Joseph Smith adadzilengeza kuti akufuna kukhala Purezidenti wa US. Smith anadzozanso ngati "kalonga wakanthawi," komanso mtsogoleri wauzimu wa a Mormons. Otsatira ake omwe adakhazikitsa mpando wake wachifumu adadzozedwa "mafumu ndi ansembe" ake. Smith adafunanso kuti Oyera adzilumbirire. Adatinso kuti adachokera kwa Joseph wa ku Chipangano Chakale. A Mormon adalengeza panthawiyi kuti boma la United States linali loipa kwambiri, latsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo linadzasinthidwa ndi boma la Mulungu lotsogozedwa ndi Joseph Smith.
Joseph Smith adakwatira akazi ena a atsogoleri ena a Mormon. Adadzipangira yekha kukhala munthu yekhayo ku Mormonism yemwe amatha kupereka ziphaso zaukwati, ndikugulitsa malo ndi zakumwa zina. Pepala lotchedwa Wofotokozera adayambitsidwa kuti awulule kuwonjezeka kwankhanza kwa a Smith. Magazini yoyamba inali ndi umboni wa azimayi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi omwe adakopeka ndi a Smith ndi atsogoleri ena a Mormon poyeserera chilolezo "chaumulungu" (chilolezo cha dama, chigololo, ndi mitala). Smith adasonkhanitsa bungwe lake la Common Council ndipo adazenga mlandu mwachinyengo Wofotokozera "zosokoneza pagulu." Smith adalamula City Marshall ndi Nauvoo Legion kuti awononge nyuzipepalayo. Nyuzipepalayi idawonongedwa ndipo Amitundu ndi ampatuko adathamangitsidwa ku Nauvoo poopsezedwa kuti aphedwa. Smith ngati Lieutenant-General wa Nauvoo Legion pamapeto pake adalengeza zamalamulo ankhondo ku Nauvoo ndipo adauza a Legion kuti atenge nawo mbali. Zomwe Joseph Smith adachita powononga nyuzipepala ya Expositor, komanso milandu ina yomwe adachita idamupangitsa kuti amangidwe ku Carthage, Illinois. Anamwalira m'ndende ya Carthage powomberana ndi gulu lankhondo lokwiya.
Smith anali wodziwika bwino kwambiri. Anadzitama kuti anali ndi zambiri zoti azidzitama kuposa munthu wina aliyense. Ananenanso kuti ndi yekhayo amene adatha kusungabe mpingo wonse kuyambira nthawi ya Adamu. Anatinso kuti Paulo, Yohane, Peter, kapena Yesu sanathe kuzichita, koma anatha. Tchalitchi cha Mormon chidayesetsa kwa zaka zambiri kubisa zowona za yemwe adayambitsa Joseph Smith, Jr. Komabe, lero umboni wa mbiri yakale wonena za yemwe ali. Tsoka ilo, Mpingo wa Mormon ukupitiliza kufalitsa zabodza za iye kuti apangitse anthu kutsata chinyengo chawo.
ZOKHUDZA:
Beadle, JH Polygamy kapena, The Mysteries and Crimes of Mormonism. Washington DC: Library ya Congress, 1904.
Martin, Walter. Ufumu wa Zipembedzo. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 2003.
Tanner, Jerald, ndi Sandra. Mormonism - Shira kapena Reality? Salt Lake City: Utah Lighthouse Ministry, 2008.