UJoseph Smith Jr.-umsunguli weMormonism

UJoseph Smith Omnci wazalwa nge-23 kaDisemba ngo-1805 eSharon, eVermont. Usapho lukaSmith kamva lwafudukela eManchester, eNew York. Njengombhalo weakhawunti, wakhuliswa kukungazi, ubuhlwempu kunye neenkolelo. Igama lakhe lalilelokungakhathali. Amashumi amathandathu anesithandathu abamelwane bakaSmith eNew York banika ubungqina ngeengxelo ezifungelweyo malunga nosapho lakwaSmith. Ngamxhelo mnye, aba bamelwane baqinisekisa ukuba isimilo sikaSmith kunye neempawu zabahlobo babo zazingalunganga. UJoseph Smith wayesaziwa njengoyena mbi kunabo bonke. Kobu bungqina bufungelweyo, abo bamaziyo uJoseph Smith bathi yena nabahlobo bakhe bangakholelwa phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye bekukho amabali amaninzi aphikisanayo athethwe nge "Golden Bible" yakhe. Kwakubhaliwe ngoJoseph Smith ukuba wayenamandla amakhulu okuphila ngaphandle kokusebenza, kwaye wayezibuza ngelizwe njengo "gqwirha-manzi," ebanga ukwalatha apho imithambo elungileyo yamanzi yayikho xa kuphambuka intonga ye-hazel Esandleni sakhe. Usebenze ngokungathi unokufumana ubutyebi obufihliweyo kunye neenkomo ezibhadulayo. Kwangoko nge-1820, wabhengeza esidlangalaleni ukuba wayenemibono kunye nezityhilelo zikaThixo. Wathi ingelosi egama linguMoronayi yamtyhilela apho amacwecwe egolide ayefihlwe khona. Emva kokuba ewafumene la macwecwe, wasebenzisa ilitye lokukroba afake umnqwazi wakhe "ukuwaguqulela". Kule nguqulelo kwavela iNcwadi kaMormoni, eyona mibhalo iphambili kaMormonism. Inamabinzana nezimvo zangoku ezazingaziwa ngumbhali wayo ngowama-420 AD Inengcaphulo ezininzi ezivela kwinguqulelo yeKing James yeBhayibhile, eyapapashwa ngeminyaka yoo-1600. USmith wayenamadoda amathathu angqina ngokubhala ukuba bazibonile iipleyiti zakhe zegolide. Enye yala madoda yaqeqeshwa eKirtland ngokuhlala ngokukrexeza ekuhleni nesicakazana; bagxothwa kwicawa yaseMissouri ngenxa yokuxoka, ukukopela nokuziphatha okubi; Kwaye ekugqibeleni wasweleka eMissouri enxila. Elinye ingqina lagxothwa ecaweni emva kokwala ukuthobela “isityhilelo somtshato wasezulwini” sikaJoseph Smith esenza ukuba ukuhlala kwisithembu kube yimfuneko. Wayengavumelani nokusetyenziswa kukaSmith ngamaDan, iqela labaphembeleli abanogonyamelo, ekwabizwa ngokuba "ziingelosi eziphindezelayo." Namhlanje kukholelwa ukuba imvelaphi yokwenene yeNcwadi kaMormoni yincwadi ebhaliweyo ebhalwe nguSolomon Spaulding; eyayiyimbali yothando yimbali. USmith no-Oliver Cowdery bongeze kwimibhalo-ngqangi kaSpaulding efundisayo malunga ne-universalism, anti-masonry, kunye nobhaptizo.

I-Pearl yeXabiso eliKhulu, esinye isicatshulwa se-Mormon, senziwe imizimba emva kokuba uSmith ethengile oomama kunye nemisongo yokungcwaba kumthengisi owayehamba eKirtland, e-Ohio ngo-1835. waseYiputa. Kodwa ke, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo 1960, izazi nge Egypt zaqinisekisa ukuba umpapiri uSmith athi wawusebenzisa ukubhala i Pearl of Great Price yayingumngcwabo womhedeni; Inxalenye yeNcwadi yaseJiphutha yokuphefumla. I-Book of Breathings yayingumbhalo webhokisi owawugcwele iifomyula zobugqi ezibanga ukuba ziqinisekisa ukuba umntu ongasekhoyo udlulela kubomi basemva kokufa. I-Pearl yeXabiso eliKhulu ayinanto yakwenza no-Abraham okanye uJoseph wase-Egypt. “Imigaqo yokuqala yeVangeli” yamkelwa nguAlexander Campbell, umseki wehlelo leCawa likaKristu. Uninzi lwama-Mormon lwakuqala lwafika njengabawexuki abasuka kwezinye iicawa zamaKristu.

UJoseph Smith waququzelela iCawa kaMormoni ngo-1830. Itempile yokuqala kaMormoni yagqitywa eKirtland, eOhio ngo-1836. USmith waququzelela “ikhoram yabapostile abalishumi elinesibini.” Okukhona uSmith ephumelela ngakumbi, kokukhona waba nguzwilakhe. Wayeyaziwa ukuba uphila kubunewunewu obukhulu ngakumbi kunabangcwele bakhe. USmith wayesaziwa ngokukrexeza kwakhe. Ngo-1831, wafumana “isityhilelo” esiyalela abaNgcwele ukuba bahlale eMissouri (umhlaba “weZiyon”). Ama-Mormon agweba iiNtlanga (abo bangakholelwa kwi-Mormonism) "njengeentshaba zeNkosi." USmith noSidney Rigdon babalekela eMissouri ngo-1838 ukunqanda ukuvalelwa emva kokuba ibhanki kaMormon eyayenziwe nguSmith isilele eKirtland, eOhio. USmith noRigdon “banetela kwaye baneentsiba” ngokuqhatha abantu kwimali yabo. KwiFar West, uMissouri Smith noRigdon babhengeza “inkululeko yabo” kurhulumente waseUnited States. URigdon wahambisa "intshumayelo yakhe yetyuwa," elumkisa ukuba kuyakubakho imfazwe yokutshatyalaliswa phakathi kwabaNgcwele kunye noRhulumente weeNtlanga, apho amaMormon ayakulandela nabaphi na abantu abeza nxamnye nabo de kuphele igazi labo. USmith wafumana esinye isityhilelo e-Independence, eMissouri ngo-1831 esavumela amalungu ecawe "njengabathunywa bokuthunywa kweNkosi" ukuba bathathe ipropati nanini na xa bethanda abantu beeNtlanga, kwaye bahlawule ipropathi kuphela ukuba bafuna njalo. Imbali irekhoda ukuba ii-Mormon zilandele esi sityhilelo kwaye zihlala zithatha ngokungafihlisiyo ipropathi kwiiNtlanga ezingakholwayo. Ama-Mormon athi nguThixo abanike umhlaba wonke. Babanga ukuba kwakuza kubakho iimfazwe ezinegazi ezaziza kugxotha onke amanye amahlelo enkolo kuloo ndawo, kwaye abo basindayo kwiimfazwe babeza kuba "zizicaka" zabaNgcwele. Kwaqhambuka imfazwe yamakhaya phakathi kweeNgcwele kunye neeNtlanga zaseMissouri. Ubulungisa base-Missouri yoXolo u-Adam Black waqinisekisa ngengxelo efungelweyo yokuba ama-Mormon ayi-154 axhobileyo arhangqe indlu yakhe kwaye amoyikisa ngokumbulala ukuba akatyikityi iphepha avuma ukukhupha iziqinisekiso ezingcwele. Ngenxa yesiphithiphithi nemvukelo eyabangelwa ziiMormon, iRhuluneli uBoggs yaseMissouri yabiza amajoni angama-400 awayefuna ukunyamekela abantu. Ama-Mormon ayedume ngokuba nekratshi nokuzingca ngokomoya, esithi “bangooKumkani nabaPristi” bakaThixo. Ukuziphatha kwabo ngokungenamthetho kwakhokelela ekubeni bagxothwe eMissouri ngo-1839 ngumyalelo ovela kwirhuluneli yaseMissouri.

UJoseph Smith wayezimisele ukuba urhulumente ophathiswe ngabefundisi, okanye ngamanye amazwi, ulawulo ngentando yesininzi. Abantu babulawa kumacala omabini eembambano zembambano phakathi kwamaMormoni kunye neeMelika zaseMissouri. Ekugqibeleni, uJoseph nomninawa wakhe uHyrum Smith kunye nabanye abangama-Mormon babanjwa bagwetywa ityala lokugebenga, ukubulala, ukuphanga, ukubulala, ukuxhaphaza, nokophula uxolo. Ekupheleni kwe-1838, amawaka amabini ama-Mormon aqala uhambo lwabo ukuya e-Illinois. USmith nabanye babalekele ejele entwasahlobo elandelayo, baya eQuincy, eIllinois.

Ngo-1840, uSmith wayeyinkokheli yamawaka ama-Mormon awakha isithili okanye idolophu ebizwa ngokuba yiNauvoo, eIllinois. Umnxeba wesixeko saseNauvoo owenziwe nguSmith waseka urhulumente ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Yamisa indlu yowiso-mthetho eyanikwa amandla okuwisa imigaqo eyayichasene nemithetho yaseburhulumenteni, kunye nomkhosi olawulwa yimithetho nemigaqo yayo. Ngo-1841 uJoseph Smith wanyulwa waba ngusodolophu waseNauvoo. USmith wayengenguye usodolophu kuphela, kodwa uLieutenant-General webutho lomkhosi, kunye neJaji elisekwe ngaphambili. Ngomhla we-19 kaJanuwarith ka-1841, uSmith wafumana isityhilelo esinde esathi saphinda sahlengahlengisa icawe yonke, kwaye yangcwalisa imali yamalungu atyebileyo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ngeli xesha kwakuqhelekile ukuba abaphangi kunye nababulali babethontelana kwi-Mormonism njengendawo yokufihla ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo. Amawaka ama-Mormon aqokelelene ngokukhawuleza kwisixeko saseNauvoo. Intlupheko phakathi kwabaNgcwele yayixhaphakile. Uthando lwasimahla lwalusaziwa njengesiqhelo phakathi kweMormon. USmith waba nguMason eNauvoo, eyakhokelela ekwenziweni komsitho wetempile yakhe eyimfihlo. Iinkomo zabeeNtlanga eziphambukileyo zaya eNauvoo zaziwa ukuba zingaze zibuye. Iintlanga ezazimangalela kwiinkundla zaseNauvoo zavuzwa ngeendleko kunye nezithuko kuphela. “Abadikoni abahlebezayo” (amaqela amakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo aneemela) ayesaziwa eNauvoo ngokoyikisa nokuhlukumeza nabani na othetha ngokuchasene noJoseph Smith. AmaDanite kaSmith, okanye "iingelosi eziphindezelayo" zaziza koyikisa kwaye zithuke iiNtlanga ngezifungo ezingaqhelekanga nezinyeliso, zibasongela ngokufa. Ngomhla ka-Meyi ka-1842, iRhuluneli iBoggs yaseMissouri yagxothwa yalimala entloko. UMormoni, u-Orrin Porter Rockwell wagwetywa ngeli tyala, kunye noJoseph Smith njengesixhobo.

Ngo-1844 uJoseph Smith wazibhengeza njengoMongameli kwi-US. USmith wazithambisa “njengenkosana yexeshana,” njengenkokheli yokomoya yamaMormon. Abalandeli bakhe abaxhase itrone yakhe bathanjiswa “ngookumkani nababingeleli” bakhe. USmith wanyanzelisa abaNgcwele ukuba benze isifungo sokunyaniseka kuye. Ubanga ukuba wayevela kuYosefu weTestamente Endala. Ama-Mormon abhengeza ngeli xesha ukuba urhulumente wase-United States wayenobuqhetseba, sele eza kudlula, kwaye ngenxa yokutshintshwa korhulumente kaThixo kwalawulwa ngu-Joseph Smith.

UJoseph Smith uthathe abafazi kwezinye iinkokeli zikaMormon. Wazimisa njengomntu ekuphela kwabantu baseMormonism abanokukhupha iilayisensi zomtshato, kwaye bathengise iipropathi kunye notywala. Iphepha elibiziweyo UMguquli Kwaqalwa ngenjongo yokuveza ubundlobongela obukhulayo bukaSmith. Inkupho yokuqala yayiqulathe ubungqina babafazi abalishumi elinesithandathu ababekhohliswe nguSmith kunye nezinye iinkokheli ze-Mormon phantsi kobuqhetseba bemvume "yobuthixo" (imvume yohenyuzo, ukukrexeza, kunye nesithembu). USmith wahlanganisa iBhunga eliQhelekileyo kwaye wabamba ityala lokukhohlisa UMguquli "inkathazo yoluntu." USmith wayalela iSixeko uMarshall kunye neNauvoo Legion ukuba balitshabalalise iphepha-ndaba. Iphephandaba latshatyalaliswa kwaye iiNtlanga kunye nabawexuki bagxothwa eNauvoo phantsi kwesoyikiso sokufa. USmith njengoLieutenant-General weNauvoo Legion ekugqibeleni wabhengeza umthetho wezomkhosi eNauvoo kwaye wayalela uMkhosi ukuba athathe izixhobo. Izenzo zikaJoseph Smith ekutshabalaliseni iphephandaba i-Expositor, kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho alwenzileyo ekugqibeleni lwakhokelela ekubeni avalelwe eCarthage, eIllinois. Usweleke e-Carthage Jail kudutyulo olunamajoni anomsindo.

USmith wayesaziwa ngokuba nomzimba wakhe omkhulu. Wayeqhayisa ngokuba ebenokuqhayisa okuninzi kunaye nawuphi na umntu. Wayesithi inguye kuphela umntu onokuthi akwazi ukugcina icawe iphela ukusukela ngexesha lika-Adam. Wayesithi uPawulos, uYohane, Petros, noYesu abakwazi ukuyenza, kodwa wakwazi. Icawa kaMormoni izamile iminyaka ukufihla inyani malunga nomsunguli wabo uJoseph Smith, Jr. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje ubungqina bembali malunga nokuba wayengubani ngokwenene. Ngelishwa, i-Mormon Church iyaqhubeka nokuvelisa ubungqina ngaye ukuba bangenise abantu phantsi kwempembelelo yabo yenkohliso.

UKUQHUBEKA:

I-Beadle, JH isithembu okanye, Iimfihlakalo kunye neZenzo zoLwaphulo-mthetho zika-Mormonism. I-Washington DC: Ithala leencwadi leCongress, ngo-1904.

UMartin, uWalter. Ubukumkani beenkonzo. IMinneapolis: IBethany House, 2003.

UTanner, uJerald, kunye noSandra. I-Mormonism-Ngaba uMthunzi okanye iNyani? ISalt Lake City: Icandelo le-Utah Lighthouse Ministry, ka-2008.